PASAR PERSAINGAN MONOPOLISTIK

Teori pasar persaingan monopolistik (monopolistic competition) dikembangkan karena ketidakpuasan terhadap daya analisis model persaingan sempurna (perfect competition) maupun monopoli. Ekonom yang pertama kali mengajukan ketidakpuasan terhadap dua model diatas adalah Peirro Sraffa (Universitas Cambridge), kemudian diikuti oleh Hotelling dan Zeothen. Pada akhir dasawarsa 1920-an dan awal dasawarsa 1930-an, model persaingan monopolistik dikembangkan secara intensif terutama oleh Joan Robinson (ekonom Inggris) dan Edward Chamberlain (Ekonom Amerika Serikat).

Struktur pasar persaingan monopolistik hampir sama dengan persaingan sempurna. Di dalam industri terdapat banyak perusahaan yang bebas keluar-masuk. Namun, produk yang dihasilkan tidak homogen, melainkan terdiferensiasi (differentiated product). Namun perbedaan barang antara satu produk (merek) denga  produk yang lain tidak terlalu besar. Diferensiasi ini mendorong perusahaan untuk melakukan persaingan nonharga. Walaupun demikian output yang dihasilkan sangan mungkin menjadi subsitusi. Perusahaan memiliki kemampuan monopoli yang relatif terbatas/kecil.

KARAKTERISTIK PASAR PERSAINGAN MONOPOLISTIK

Tiga asumsi dasar persaingan monopolistik adalah:

1. Produk yang terdiferensiasi (Differentiated Product)

Yang dimaksud dengan produk terdiferensiasi adalah produk dapat dibedakan oleh konsumen dengan melihat siapa produsennya. Jika dalam pasar persaingan sempurna konsumen membeli barang tanpa perlu membedakan siapa produsen, dalam persaingan monopolistik yang menjadi pertimbangan adalah siapa produsennya. Barang- barang tersebut dapat diperbedakan oleh kualitas barangnya, model, bentuk, warna bahkan oleh kemasan, merek dan pelayanan.

Dalam kehidupan sehari- hari, kit selalu memiliki pilihan yang tetap untuk produk- produk sabun mandi, pakaian jadi, sepatu dan lain- lain. Seorang gadis yang biasa menggunakan sabun mandi bermerek “sutera” sulit untuk pindah ke emrek lain. Dia dapat membedakan produk sabun kesukaannya dari produk perusahaan yang lain. Hal ini menyebabkan perusahaan memiliki daya monopoli, walau terbatas.

Namun demikian diantara produk- produk tersebut sebenarnya dapat saling menjadi substitusi. Misalnya, dalam keadaan tertentu (sedang berada di desa), sabun mandi merek kesayangan tidak ada maka merek lain dapat menggantikn tanpa menimbulkan dampak negatif secara teknis (kesehatan terganggu). Karena itu, persaingan monopolistik berada di antara pasar persaingan sempurna.

2.  Jumlah produsen banyak dalam industri (Large Number of Firms)

Jumlah perusahaan (produsen) dalam pasar persaingan monopolistik banyak. Di Indonesia dapat dilihat dari begitu banyaknya merek pakaian dan sepatu. Banyaknya perusahaan menyebabkan keputusan perusahaan tentang harga dan output tidak perlu harus memperhitungkan reaksi perusahaan lain dalam industri (independence decision of price and output), karena setiap perusahaan menghadapi kurva permintaannya masing- masing.

3.  Bebas masuk dan keluar (Free Entry and Exit)

Laba super normal yang dinikmati perusahaan (existing firm) mengundang perusahaan pendatang untuk memasuki industri. Jika mereka mampu bertahan, dalam jangka panjang dapat mengalahkan perusahaan yang lain. Tetapi jika kalah mereka harus jeluar, agar kerugian tidak menjadi lebih besar. Sama halnya dalam pasar persaingan sempurna, dalam pasar persaingan monopolistik proses masuk keluar akan terhenti bila semua perusahaan hanya memperoleh laba normal.

40 Tanda Kau Jatuh Cinta

So, for today's article I'll write 40 signs that you already FELL in love!! (Or at least like that) answer each number HONESTLY make sure that youk3e in love/ not really in love/ not in love at all. ENJOOOY hihihi 1. Memikirkan masa depan dengan nya
2. Sibuk sama hp mulu (chat sm doi)
3. Jika ngeliat doi langsung seneng
4. Kalo ngobrol berdua deg2an
5. Hanya memikirkan nya aja ud senyum2
6. Jaga penampilan buat doi
7. Kangen mulu. Mau nya ketemu 24 jam
8. Defensif. Maksudnya mau selalu ngejaga doi dr serangan hewan2 buas wkwk
9. Mau tau lebih banyak tntang dia dr cerita2 temen. Sampe nomor telp neneknya apal.
10. Sering searching tntang hal2 so sweet / tips cinta dan plan untuk lakuin itu
11. Kalo ada org ngomongin jodoh langsung keinget dia
12. Awalin hari dgn semangat karna mau ketemu doi
13. Hampir setiap saat keinget doi karena hal2 yang kita lihat/denger
14. Sebelum tidur nginget2 doi, td pas sm doi ngapain aja sampe senyum2 sendiri
15. Cemburuan ._.
16. Kadang suka ngasi hadiah2 kecil just to remind doi tntang kamu
17. Disapa doang seneng ._. Wkwk
18. Nyoba2 hal yang dia sukai siapa tau ikutan suka (lagu, film/buku, dll)
19. Mostly, permintaan dia di iya-in semua
20. Kalo lg jalan tiba2 nyium bau yang sama kaya doi langsung zengggggg otak blg... "kayak doi..."
21. Denger suara nya lewat telpon ud bikin senengggg bgt
22. Mau berkorban demi dia...
23. Kadang berdoa untuk doi
24. Kalo ud liat dia, orang lain bodo amat ._.
25. Ketika sedang bersama, meskipun ga ngapa2in tp ga pernah ada rasa bosan.
26. Tatapan mata nya susah lepas dr doi. Eaa
27. Losing argument than losing relationship. Memilih untuk mengalah dr pada kehilangan dia
28. Baca ramalan tentang hubungan lo -_-
29. NULIS NAMA DOI TERUSSSS di setiap kesempatan
30. Rela nyisihin uang jajan buat beliin doi hadiah....
31. Jadi pasangan yang ingin selalu ada buat dia
32. Rasanya beda kalo doi yang sms sama org lain yang sms....
33. Kecewa kalo dia ingkar janji. Kecewa berat. Tp tetep maafin karna lu masih membutuhkan dia dalam hidup lu :')
34. Bahkan cowo seganteng Brad Pitt atau Orlando Bloom atau cewe secantik model model victoria secret udah nothing.
35. Hp ga ada sinyal? Angkat2in hp biar tetep berhubungan sama doi meski tangan udah loyo
36. Tiba2 bayi terlihat lebih lucu dr biasanya bahahahaha
37. Dear berubah jadi dearest.
38. Membelanya. Kecuali kalo doi salah. Tp kalo doi bener dibela mati-matian.
39. Foto di setiap kesempatan (1 foto aja gausah banyakbanyak)
40. Ngebaca ini ampe abis.

SINGLE-GENDER SCHOOL

so, i read some articles today about single gender school. it means, in that school, all the students are from the same gender, either it is a boy or a girl. and some people just gave lots of opinions, well, i called it as a debate. lol. so what i found is,

"Single-sex schools are schools that only admit those of one specific gender, believing that the educational environment fostered by a single gender is more conducive to learning than a co-educational school. Studies conducted have shown that boys gain more academically from studying in co-education schools, but that girls find segregated schools more conducive to achievement. However academic results are not the only criterion on which the success of the education system should be judged. In the United States, a long-standing controversy over the Virginia Military Institute resulted in a landmark Supreme Court ruling, in June 1996, that the institute must admit women. Nevertheless the Court left room for private (i.e. not state-run) single-sex institutions and other such schools, where needed, to redress discrimination. Proponents of single-sex schools maintain that, by removing the distractions of the other sex, students learn more effectively and feel better about their education. Opponents maintain that co-educational schools in contrast are important in that they prepare students better for the real world, and do not attempt to segregate students from the realities of adult life. This debate can apply both to secondary school and college level, but single-sex institutions are found more frequently at the former.

 and some people were like...

Children will gain exposure to the opposite sex when they reach adult life; whilst they are young, they should be around those who they feel most comfortable with. The inclinations of children in the formative years, between 7 and 15, are to gravitate towards their own sex. What is natural should be encouraged, and can most easily be done so in single-sex institutions. Furthermore, they naturally tend towards behaviour appropriate to their gender. It is therefore easier to implement an education strategy geared specifically towards one gender. Moreover, certain subjects are best taught, both in terms of ease and effectiveness, in single-sex classrooms, such as sex education or gender issues. 

 after all, i found this too..

Teaching girls in single-sex schools, long an obsession of many parents worried about their daughters being distracted by boys, makes no difference to their educational attainment according to one of the most comprehensive studies of the way children learn.
The findings by Alan Smithers, Professor of Education at Buckingham University and one of Britain's most respected schools experts, will come as a shock to parents convinced their daughters would benefit from an all-girl environment. Half a century of research 'has not shown any dramatic or consistent advantages for single-sex education' for boys or girls, he will conclude.

well, actually, it makes me think really hard. in one side, i think it's good enough with all-girls or all-boys school environment, because they have no distractions and they willing to study more. BUT, in another side, and it's important, as you know God created girl and boy to live together, and i worried if those children are in the single-gender school since they were kids (4-5 years old), i worried, they were afraid to make friends with their opposite. i mean, in their school they didn't know about their opposite better and i think, they friendship isn't that you know, as big as children who went to public school.

well, at least, that's what i think. tell me yours? ;)

Regards, xox

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